Rhian Gutierrez

OSI -  The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a reference model from the International Organization for Standardization that "provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection." In the OSI reference model, the communications between systems are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application   Application Layer The interaction with the user or the user application takes place at this stage.  When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. Presentation Layer  The data is converted into the syntax or semantics which an application understands.  Before passing on the data any further, the data is formatted at this stage.  Functions including compression, encryption, compatible charact...

  Hub A Hub is just a connector that connects the wires coming from different sides. There is no signal processing or regeneration.  Switch Switch is a point-to-point communication device. It uses switching table to find out the correct destination.  Basically, it is a kind of bridge that provides better connections. Router Routers are the multiport devices and more sophisticated as compared to repeaters and bridges. The different between hub, switch and router are  A Hub works on the basis of broadcasting. Switch  works on the basis of MAC address.  A router works on the basis of IP address.   A Hub is a multiport repeater in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of all available ports.  A Switch is a tele-communication device which receives a message from any device connected to it and then transmits the message only to the device for which the message is intended.  A router reads the header of incoming pa...

  NETWORK BRIDGE -  A network bridge is a hardware device that can expand a local area network by connecting multiple networks or allowing more devices to connect to a single network than would normally be possible. NETWORK CARD - A  Network interface card  (also known as a  NIC ,  network card , or  network interface controller ) is an  electronic  device that connects a  computer  to a  computer  network,  usually a  LAN . It is considered a piece of  computer hardware . MODEM -  A modem is a network device that connects your local area network (LAN) to the wide area network (WAN), also known as the internet. Most modems are connected via a phone line, coaxial cable, or optical  Fiber. TRANCEIVER  - A   transceiver  is an electronic device which is a combination of a radio  trans mitter  and a  re ceiver , hence the name. It can both transmit and receive  radi...

Linear bus topology - uses long cable, referred to as a backbone, to which computers and other devices are  attached. Easy   installation , each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable, and  Less Expensive/ Less cables   are required than Mesh and star topology.  Not scalable  as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable.   A terminator is a placed at each end of the backbone to keep the signals from bouncing back and being received again by the nodes (such as server, clients, printer, scanner, etc.) in the network. Star topology  - uses a central device called a  hub, Unlike  Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct communication between devices, a device must have to communicate through  hub. ( a more efficient device called "switch" is also use) with cables extending in all directions. Each networked device is connected directly to the hub. Data from a computer passes through the h...

 LAN (Local Area Network) - Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office. LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc. PAN (Personal Area Network) - Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meter. PAN is used for connecting the computers devices of personal use is known as personal area network. MAN ( Metropolitian Area Network) - A Metrapolitian Area Network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network. Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries. WAN (Wide Area Network) - A wide area network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries. WAN is used in the field of Business, government, and education.